Alcoholic Beverage Consumption in the U.S.: Patterns and Trends
Alcohol consumption in the United States has declined over time. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism reports that the per capita consumption of alcohol by Americans age 14 and older has dropped from 2.76 gallons in 1980 to 2.34 in 2013 (the latest date for which statistics are available). 1
Race and Ethnicity
Alcohol consumption also varies by race and ethnicity. The four major minorities in the US are African Americans; Hispanics; Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs); and American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs). Both current drinking (defined as consumption of 12 or more drinks in the past year) and heavy drinking are most prevalent among AI/ANs and Native Hawaiians and lowest among AAPIs. 3
It’s been observed 4 that
Heterogeneity in drinking patterns is also found among different nationalities within specific ethnic groups. 5 Blacks whose ancestry is Caribbean consume less alcohol compared with Blacks in general. Hispanic Americans of Central American, South American, or Caribbean ancestry consume less alcohol than Hispanics in general (including Hispanics of Mexican or Mexican American ancestries). Among Asians, Japanese Americans consume more alcohol than Asian Americans of other national origins. 6 Heterogeneity in drinking patterns also varies by place of birth. For example, Asians and Pacific Islanders born in the United States have lower alcohol abstention rates than those born elsewhere. 7
Differences in alcohol consumption are also found among Native Americans. Those living on reservations drink less frequently than Native Americans living in off–reservation towns, but reservation dwellers may engage in binge drinking (drinking five or more drinks per day) more frequently and consume more alcohol per occasion when they do drink. 8
Among adolescent minorities studied nationwide, African Americans show the lowest prevalence of lifetime, annual, monthly, daily, and heavy drinking, as well as the lowest frequency of being drunk. Hispanic adolescents have the highest annual prevalence of heavy drinking, followed by Whites. 9
Among all age and ethnic groups, men are more likely to drink than are women, and to consume large quantities in a single sitting. 10 This is a pattern found throughout the world. 11
| White | African American | Hispanic | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men | 26 | 36 | 35 |
| Women | 39 | 55 | 57 |
Status and Role
Married couples with adult children and couples with no children spend about 30% more than the national household average. Sixty-one percent of all money spent on alcoholic beverages was for alcohol consumed in the home. 13
Abstention in the US is inversely associated with social status. The lower the social class, the higher the abstention. 14
Similarly, the more educated people are in the US, the more likely they are to drink. 15
Age
Surveys of different age groups in the community suggest that the elderly, generally defined as persons older than 65, consume less alcohol than younger persons. 16
Federal surveys demonstrate a decline in alcohol consumption by young persons over a period of decades. For example, the proportion people age 12 through 17 who have consumed any alcohol during the previous month has dropped from 50% in 1979 to 14.7% in 2009, according to the federal government's annual National Survey on Drug Use and Health. 17
The proportion of high school seniors who have ever consumed alcohol is also declining. 18
The proportion of high school seniors who have consumed alcohol within previous year is down. 19
The proportion of high school seniors who have consumed alcohol within previous 30 days is down. 20
The proportion of high school seniors who have recently consumed alcohol daily is down. 21
The proportion of high school seniors who have consumed 5 or more drinks on an occasion within previous two weeks is down. 22
The proportion of college freshmen who drink alcohol continues to drop. Between 2006 and 1010, the proportion of drinkers dropped from 62% down to 38%. That is a new historic low. 23
About half (49%) of American college students don’t drink alcohol on a regular basis, 31% consume five or fewer drinks per week, and only 12% (a little over one in ten) consume ten or more drinks per week. 24 The average (median) number of drinks consumed by college students is 1.5 per week, according to the Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study’s survey of 17,592 students at 140 colleges and universities across the United States. 25 The continuing Harvard Studies have documented an increase in the proportion of college student abstainers and an decrease in the average number of drinks consumed by those who do drink. 26
About two of every three (65.9%) American undergraduates is age 21 or older and seven of every ten (70.5%) US college and university students (undergraduate and graduate) are age 21 or older, according to the National Center for Educational Statistics. 27
International Comparisons
The ten countries with the highest per capita consumption of alcohol are listed below.
| Rank | Country |
|---|---|
| 1 | Luxembourg |
| 2 | Ireland |
| 3 | France |
| 4 | Hungary |
| 5 | Denmark |
| 6 | Czech Republic |
| 7 | Spain |
| 8 | Portugal |
| 9 | Austria |
| 10 | Switzerland |
Per capita alcohol consumption in the US has dropped 23% since 1990 and it ranks 22 on the list.28
Given this low international ranking, its not surprising that abstention is much more common in the US than in any other Western country. 29
Drinking attitudes and behaviors in the United States reflect its strong temperance past. National Prohibition of alcohol existed for nearly 14 years between early 1902 and late 1933. Upon repeal of Prohibition, however, a large number of states continued their own state prohibition and others permitted “local option” regarding prohibition. There are still hundreds of “dry” counties and municipalities in which the sale of alcoholic beverages is prohibited. There are also millions of Americans who currently support the concept of prohibition. 30
References
- 1. Haughwout, S., et al. Apparent Per Capita Alcohol Consumption. Washington,
DC: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2015. - 2. Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs. Alcohol Consumption, Litres per Population Aged 15+. OECD Health Data. Paris, France: Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs, 2009.
- 3. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol Alert: Alcohol and Minorities No. 55 January 2002. [Heavy drinking is defined as five drinks on a single day at least once a month for adults and five drinks in a row at least once during the previous two weeks for adolescents.]
- 4. Galvan, Frank H. and Caetano, Raul. Alcohol use and related problems among ethnic minorities in the U.S. . National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, December, 2003 (http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh27-1/87-94.htm)
- 5. Dawson, D.A. Beyond Black, White and Hispanic: Race, ethnic origin and drinking patterns in the United States. Journal of Substance Abuse, 1998, 10, 321–339.
- 6. Dawson, D.A. Beyond Black, White and Hispanic: Race, ethnic origin and drinking patterns in the United States. Journal of Substance Abuse, 1998, 10, 321–339.
- 7. Makimoto, K. Drinking patterns and drinking problems among Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. Alcohol Health & Research World, 1998, 22, 270–275.
- 8. May, P., and Gossage, J. The epidemiology of alcohol consumption among American Indians living on four reservations and in nearby border towns. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2001, 63, S100.
- 9. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol Alert: Alcohol and Minorities No. 55 January 2002.
- 10. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol Alert: Alcohol and Minorities No. 55 January 2002.
- 11. Heath, Dwight B. (Ed.) International Handbook of Alcohol and Culture. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1995.
- 12. Galvan, Frank H. and Caetano, Raul. Alcohol use and related problems among ethnic minorities in the U.S. . National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, December, 2003 (http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh27-1/87-94.htm)
- 13. Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs. Alcohol Consumption, Litres per Population Aged 15+. OECD Health Data. Paris, France: Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs, 2009.
- 14. Holder, H. D. Alcohol and the Community: A System Approach to Prevention. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
- 15. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration. National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1997. Washington, DC: DHHS, 1998; Wright, J. W. (Ed.) The New York Times 2000 Almanac. New York: Penguin, 1999, p. 398.
- 16. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol Alert: Alcohol and No. 40 April 1998.
- 17. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2010). Results from the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Volume I. Summary of National Findings (Office of Applied Studies, NSDUH Series H-38A, HHS Publication No. SMA 10-4586Findings). Rockville, MD.
- 18. Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2011). Monitoring the Future: National Results on Adolescent Drug Use: Overview of Key Findings, 2010. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan. Table 5, p. 52.
- 19. Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2011). Monitoring the Future: National Results on Adolescent Drug Use: Overview of Key Findings, 2010. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan. Table 6, p. 58.
- 20. Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2011). Monitoring the Future: National Results on Adolescent Drug Use: Overview of Key Findings, 2010. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan. Table 7, p. 62.
- 21. Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2011). Monitoring the Future: National Results on Adolescent Drug Use: Overview of Key Findings, 2010. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan. Table 8, p. 64.
- 22. Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2011). Monitoring the Future: National Results on Adolescent Drug Use: Overview of Key Findings, 2010. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan. Table 8, p. 64.
- 23.Weise, Elizabeth. Polls: young non-drinkers up in down economy. USA Today, February 7, 2011.
- 24. Grossman, Jennifer. Special Campus Dole Poll. Dole Nutrition News, November 8, 2004. Available at Dole Nutrition Institute web site.
- 25. Wechsler, Henry, Molnar, Beth E., Davenport, Andrea E., and Baer, John S. College Alcohol Use: A Full or Empty Glass? Journal of American College Health, 1999, 47, 247-252.
- 26. Wechsler, H., et al. Underage college students' drinking behavior, access to alcohol, and the influence of deterrence policies: Findings from the Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study. Journal of American College Health, 2002, 50(5), 223-236; Wechsler, H.. et al. Trends in college binge drinking during a period of increased prevention efforts: Findings from 4 Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study surveys: 1993-2002. Journal of American College Health, 2002, 50(5), 203-217.
- 27. National Center for Educational Statistics, personal communication.
- 28. Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs. Alcohol Consumption, Litres per Population Aged 15+. OECD Health Data. Paris, France: Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs, 2009.
- 29. International Center for Alcohol Policies (ICAP). Who are the Abstainers? Washington, DC: International Center for Alcohol Policies (ICAP Reports #8), June 2000, pp. 8-9.
- 30. Hanson, David J. Preventing Alcohol Abuse: Alcohol, Culture, and Control. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1995.
See Also
Filed Under: Economics
