One of the major supporters of National Prohibition in the U.S. (1920-1933) was the anti-alcohol Ku Klux Klan (KKK). Indeed, the KKK supported Prohibition vigorously. It sometimes defended it violently.
The KKK’s defense of Prohibition explains much of its popularity during the 1920s. In fact, people across the country supported the Klan.
Overview
I. The KKK Supported Prohibition
II. Resources
I. The KKK Supported ProhibitionVery Strongly
Hiram Wesley Evans- Prohibitionists “revived [the KKK] in Atlanta in 1915 to defend Prohibition,” which existed in Georgia at that time.1
- “Prohibition became one of the Klan’s leading issues”2 and the Klan strongly supported both Prohibition and its strict enforcement.3
- The KKK “adopted prohibition as a central rallying cry.”4
- “Enforcing Prohibition was a cornerstone of the KKK’s ‘reform’ agenda.”5
- “Enforcement of Prohibition, in fact, was a central, and perhaps the strongest, goal of the Ku Klux Klan.”6
- “Demon Rum… was the most obsessive issue on the Klan mind next to the pope.”7
- The KKK’s “support for Prohibition represented the single most important bond between Klansmen throughout the nation.”8 (Emphasis in original.)
- Because it so strongly “opposed the sale of alcohol,’9 the new KKK ‘attacked bootlegging.”10
Resurgence
“The Klan’s resurgence in the 1920s partially stemmed from their role as the extreme militant wing of the temperance movement. In Arkansas, as elsewhere, the Ku Klux Klan marked bootleggers as one of the groups it wanted to purge. In 1922, 200 Klansmen torched saloons that had sprung up in Union County. The national Klan office ended up in Dallas, Texas. But Little Rock was the home of the Women of the Ku Klux Klan. The first head of this female auxiliary was a former president of the Arkansas WCTU.”11
Overlapping Membership
- There was much interaction and overlap in membership between the KKK and other prohibition supporters. For example, a Klan leader, Edward Young Clarke, raised funds for both the KKK and the Anti-Saloon League.12
- Its enforcement of prohibition was one of the factors “most responsible for the Klan’s great popularity.”13
- The KKK challenged bootleggers by organizing armed patrols to intercept shipments of alcohol.14
- “The Ku Klux Klan associated itself with the campaign against alcohol.’ One of the major KKK activities in the 1920s was rooting out bootleggers and breaking up speakeasies.”15
- “[W]idespread were Klan efforts to put bootleggers out of business.”16
Enforced Prohibition
- The KKK tarred, feathered and ran bootleggers out of town.17
- Williamson County in Illinois was the scene of great violence. “[B]attles between the operators of wide-open taverns and the ‘dry’ Ku Klux Klan killed 14 people in 1924-25.”18
- Although Prohibition became increasingly unpopular with the passage of time, the KKK strongly and actively opposed its repeal.19In the 1920s, over 25 percent of native-born men in Indiana were official members of the KKK. The Klan’s membership was many times larger than any of the popular veterans’ organizations. It was even larger than the Methodist church, the state’s biggest Protestant denomination. And women’s auxiliaries added even more members.21
Prohibitionists in General
Prohibitionists in general often advocated strong measures against those who did not comply with Prohibition. One suggested that the government distribute poisoned alcohol beverages through bootleggers (sellers of illegal alcohol). The person acknowledged that several hundred thousand people would die as a result. But they thought the cost well worth the enforcement of Prohibition.
In fact, the US government did poison alcohol! It was industrial alcohol. It was to keep people from drinking it. But it didn’t work. Many thousands were killed as a result. Many more thousands were blinded or paralyzed.
Others suggested that those who drank should be.
- Hung by the tongue beneath an airplane and flown over the country.
- Exiled to concentration camps in the Aleutian Islands
- Excluded from any and all churches.
- Forbidden to marry.
- Tortured.
- Branded.
- Whipped.
- Sterilized.
- Tattooed.
- Placed in bottle-shaped cages in public squares.
- Forced to swallow two ounces of caster oil.
- Executed, as well as their progeny to the fourth generation.20
The KKK supported Prohibition throughout the U.S. That was one of its appeals from coast to coast.
A number of neo-temperance groups carry forward the anti-alcohol sentiment of the KKK (although not its methods).
II. Resources: KKK Supported Prohibition
By Geographic Location
PLEASE NOTE: General popular readings on the KKK of the 1920s follow this section.
The KKK supported Prohibition throughout the US. It even supported prohibition at the provincial level in Canada. Most of these resources suggest how pervasive the Klan became during Prohibition. In some areas it became an “invisible government.”
The Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) is a non-profit cooperative library system. It helps libraries share materials. So many of the items below display an OCLC number.
1. Go to WorldCat.
2. Enter the number. (Numerals only. Don’t include OCLC or #.)
3. Click on “See all results….”
Alabama
Feldman, G. Politics, Society, and the Klan in Alabama, 1915-1949. Tuscaloosa: U. AL Press.
Arizona
Abbey, S. The Klan in AZ, 1921-1925. AZ State U, May, 1971. OCLC #26989490.
Baker, T. The Ku Klux Klan in Phoenix, 1921-1924. Honors thesis, U. AZ, 1994. OCLC #37021614.
Ku Klux Klan. Realm of Arizona. Klan Collection, 1924-1925. Archival material. Misc letters and records of the Klan in AZ 1924-1925. OCLC #56715812.
_________. Yuma County Chapter. Klan Collection, 1921-1930. OCLC #37857361.
Arkansas
Johnson, B. John Barleycorn Must die! The War Against Drink in Arkansas: 1920-1950. Little rock, AR. Old State House Mus exhibit.
California
Cocoltchos, C. Invisible government and the viable community. The Ku Klux Klan in Orange County, California, during the 1920’s. Los Angeles: UCLA.
Ku Klux Klan. California Klan news. Fallbrook, CA: The Klan. Newspaper. OCLC # 14148607.
__________. Fresno Klan No. 2. State wide fiesta and public ceremonial, Fresno County Fair Grounds, May 17th to 28th under auspices of Fresno Klan No. 2. Fresno, CA: The Klan, 1919. OCLC #50104301.
__________. California Knights. The Klan in action; a manuel [sic] of leadership and organization for officers of local Klan committees. 192? OCLC #19101645.
__________. Klan records, 1922-1942. Correspondence, newspapers, pamphlets and ephemera pertaining chiefly to Klan activities in the Realm of California. Includes the Oath of allegiance and Constitution. OCLC #16666410.
__________. Constitution of the California Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. 192? OCLC #14820409.
__________. Do you know that the Ku Klux Klan is in San San Francisco: The Klan, 192-? OCLC #54887904.
Sacramento County Historical Society. The Ku Klux Klan in Sacramento, 1922. Sacramento: The Society, 1981. Golden Notes, v. 7, No. 2. OCLC #49789825.
The 1920s: An active Klan raises fear. Santa Cruz Sentinel on-line edition.
Canada
Baergen, W. The Ku Klux Klan in central Alberta. Cent Alberta Hist. Soc., ISBN 0929123107 9780929123103.
Ku Klux Klan. Canadian Klan Action. Newspaper. New Westminster, B.C. OCLC #14758423.
__________. Kloran. Toronto: The Klan, 1925. OCLC #607050551.
__________. Manual of the Order of Citizenship. Toronto: The Klan, 1927. OCLC #607050567.
Robin, M. Shades of Right. Nativist and Fascist Politics in Canada, 1920-1940. Toronto: U Toronto Press.
Sher, J. White Hoods. Canada’s Klan. Vancouver: New Star, 1983.
Colorado
Carter, C. Adams and the Klan. Alamosa, CO: Adams State Coll, 1980. OCLC #14152614.
Casey, L. When the Klan controlled Colorado. Rocky Mountain News, 1946. (June 17-19).
Goldberg, R.A. Hooded Empire: the Ku Klux Klan in Colorado. Urbana: U. IL Press. Shows how strongly the KKK supported Prohibition in the state. And also how strongly residents supported thr Klan.
Gunn, L. The Protestant “Kluxing” of Canon City, Colorado. Canon City, CO: Canon City Public Library.
Klan collection, [192-]. Miscellaneous collection relating to Klan activities in Colorado during the 1920’s. OCLC #18510666.
Norberg, D. Klan in the Valley: A 1920s Phenomenon. White River Journal, January, 2004.
Quillen, E. Welcome to Kolorado, Klan Kountry. When the Invisible Empire ran the state, only one major city escaped. Colorado Springs News, May 22-28, 2003.
Connecticut
Ku Klux Klan. Pamphlets. Collection of pamphlets, brochures, application forms, etc., 1920-1929. OCLC # 36804745.
Delaware
Ku Klux Klan. Records, 1926. OCLC #54354061.
_________. Records, 1922. OCLC #54353149.
District of Columbia
Women of the Klan. Constitution of the WKKK, accepted and adopted June 2nd, 1923, at Washington, D.C. Little Rock, AR: Parke-Harper, 1924? OCLC #123247504.
Florida
Newton, M. The Invisible Empire. The Ku Klux Klan in Florida. Gainesville: U. Florida Press, 2001.
Romer, G.W. Progress Week parade: the Klan on parade, 1926. Photograph. OCLC # 191825347.
Georgia
Akin, E.P. The Ku Klux Klan in Georgia: Social change and conflict, 1915-1930. Ph.D. diss, U CA, 1994.
Hux, R. The Klan in Macon, 1919-1925. Georgia Hist Q, 1978, 62, 155-168.
Ku Klux Klan. Athens Klan #5. Athens Klan #5 records, 1921-1930. OCLC #38476235
__________. Georgia. Office of the Grand Dragon. Official document. Atlanta, GA. Journal (April, 1927) OCLC #17819416
__________. Georgia. Klorero. Minutes. Atlanta, GA. OCLC #17819440
__________. Archival material relating to the Klan in Lithonia, Georgia. OCLC #426209637
Moseley, C.C. Political influence of the Klan in Georgia, 1915-1925. Georgia Hist Q, 1973, 57, 235-255.
Idaho
Ku Klux Klan. Realm of Idaho. Western Recorder. Newspaper. Payette, ID. OCLC #13150022
Illinois
Ayabe, M. The Ku Klux Klan movement in Williamson County, Illinois, 1923-1926. Ph.D., Urbana-Champaign: U. IL.
Clemens, T. Kluxing in Korn Kountry. M.S. thesis. IL State U., 2005.
Ku Klux Klan. Misc pubs. OCLC #17576452
__________. Carlock Unit No. 71. (Carlock, IL) records, 1924-1925. OCLC #79463270
__________. The Illinois Kourier. Newspaper. Chicago: Empire Pub. Co.,1924- OCLC #27358141.
__________. Illinois Fiery Cross. Newspaper. Chicago: Empire Pub. Co, 1924. OCLC # 27358061.
__________. Illinois. Dawn the Herald of a New and Better Day. Newspaper. Chicago: Dawn Pub. Co. OCLC #18536928.
__________. Champaign-Urbana Chapter. Financial records of Champaign and Urbana, Illinois, 1924-1926. OCLC #53826828.
Indiana
Bentley, M. The Klan in Indiana. McClure’s Magazine, 1924 (May), 58.
Bubois, Benjamin vs Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. In the United States court for the district of Indiana, in Equity no. … Benjamin Dubois vs. Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. 1923. OCLC #183904107.
Moore, L. Citizen Klansmen: The Klan in Indiana, 1921-1928. Chapel Hill: U. North Carolina Press, 1991. Shows how strongly the KKK supported prohibition.
Cates, F. The Klan in Indiana, 1920-1925. Ph.D., IN U.
Cook, J.R. Visible empire: the Klan in Indiana, 1921-1928. VHS video. 1998. OCLC #40824732.
Ku Klux Klan. Realm of Indiana. Klan officers, Indiana records, 1925. OCLC #30407147.
__________. Indianapolis Chapter. Ledger, 1924. A 929 page membership ledger. OCLC #192095831.
__________. Realm of Indiana. Why the Klan opposed the World. Court. c.1920. OCLC #32377806.
__________. In the matter of the charges and specifications against Klansman David Curtis Stephenson. Involving a major offense trial before tribunal in the Klavern of Evansville. Klan # 1, Realm of IN, June 23, 1924. OCLC # 476632716.
__________. Wayne County, IN. Records, 1916-1933. OCLC #11117698.
__________. Whitewater Klan #60 (Richmond, IN) Records, 1916-1933. OCLC #154691467.
__________. The Indiana Kourier. Wash: Empire Pub. Co. Newspaper. Successor to the Fiery Cross. OCLC # 11636710.
__________. Crown Point Klan #72 (Crown Point, IN) Records, 1915?-1933. OCLC # 48126476.
__________. Letters and papers, 1925. OCLC #78791392.
__________. LaPorte, IN (Chapter). Charter, 1925. The charter for the Knights of the Klan, La Porte, IN, 30 July 1925. OCLC #34667220.
__________. Realm of Indiana. The Klansmen’s oath. Indiana : Knights of the Klan, Realm of IN, 192-? OCLC #20661116.
__________. Realm of Indiana, No. 2. Special instructions. OCLC #20661116.
Lutholtz, M.W.
Lutholtz, M. Grand Dragon. D.C. Stephenson and the Ku Klux Klan in Indiana. W. Lafayette, IN: Purdue U.
Weaver, N.F. The Knights of the Ku Klux Klan in Wisconsin, Indiana, Ohio and Michigan. Ph.D., Northwestern U.
Iowa
Ku Klux Klan. The Hawkeye Independent. Authorized newspaper, Knights and Women of the Klan, Realm of Iowa. Des Moines: Hawkeye. OCLC #9304987
__________. Newspapers, 1924. Two issues of the Klan’s Iowa newspaper, the Iowa Klan Kourier. OCLC #52973123.
Neymeyer, R.J. In the full light of day: the Klan in 1920’s. Palimpsest, 1995, 76(2).
Pendelton, C.E. Charles Edmund Pendleton papers, 1895-1976. Archival material that Includes material on the Klan in Iowa. OCLC #58392992.
Schieder, D. A Farmer and the Klan in Northwest Iowa. Ann Iowa, 2002, 61(3), 286-320
Kansas
Jones, R.E. The politics of the Klan in Kansas during the 1920s. M.A. Emporia State University.
Jones, L.L. The Klan in Eastern Kansas during the 1920’s. Emporia State Res Stud, 1975 (Winter), 23(3).
Women of the Ku Klux Klan. Sunflower Klan No. 9 (Hutchinson, KS) Records. OCLC #43804557.
Kentucky
Kirschenbaum, R. Klan and Commonwealth: the Klan and Politics in Kentucky, 1921-1928. U. KY.
Ku Klux Klan. Pond Creek Klan, No. 117 (KY). Pond Creek, Kentucky Klan membership roll, 1926-1928. OCLC #13566339.
__________. Patriotic address by Judge E.C. McDougal, of Richmond, Ky, 192-? OCLC #34339047.
__________. Big Western Kentucky Klan rally, Henderson, Ky., Saturday, June 12, 192-? OCLC #26185350.
__________. Henderson Kounty Klan No. 2. Broadside 30 May 1924. OCLC #60504353.
Luntz, B.F. Forgotten Turmoil: the Southeastern Kentucky Klan. Philadelphia: Xlibris, 2006.
Louisiana
Harrell, K.E. The Ku Klux Klan in LA: 1920-1930. Ph.D. diss, LA State U.,
Ku Klux Klan. Baton Rouge No. 3 records, 1928-1939. OCLC #268677734.
Maine
Ku Klux Klan. Klan collection, 1923-1977. OCLC #237798953.
Richard, M.P. “This is not a Catholic nation.” The Klan confronts Franco-Americans in Maine. New Eng Q, 2009, 28(2). Shows how strongly the KKK supported prohibition in Maine.
Maryland
Ku Klux Klan. Records Klan No. 51, Mt. Rainier, Maryland, 1924-1965. OCLC #20793865.
Massachusetts
Painter, N. Harvard University and the Klan, 1923. April 13, 1970. OCLC #228513358.
Michigan
Ku Klux Klan. (Owosso, MI). Collect, 1926.. OCLC #42997201.
__________. Bay City Night Hawk. Newspaper. Bay City, MI. OCLC #40852491.
__________. Newaygo County, MI) Membership cards, 1923,1926. OCLC #41321346.
__________. Misce Collect, 1924,1929. OCLC #41536809.
__________. Newaygo County membership cards 1923-1926. Mt. Pleasant, MI: Clarke Hist Lib, Cent MI U, 1993. OCLC #36420838.
Mitchell, T.R. White Sheets over West Michigan: the Klan in Newaygo County, MI in the 1920s. Honors thesis. U. MI, 2000. OCLC #44617252.
Weaver, N.F. The Knights of the Ku Klux Klan in Wisconsin, Indiana, Ohio and Michigan. Northwestern, Ph.D. diss, 1986.
Women of the Klan. Realm of Michigan. Wolverine Women. Periodical. Grand Rapids, MI: WKKK, Realm of Michigan, 1928-. OCLC #38868025.
Midwest
Jacobs, M.D. Catholic Response to the Ku Klux Klan in the Midwest, 1921-8. Ph.D. diss, Marquette U., 2001.
Marszalek, J.F. KKK: The 1920s Klan in the Midwest. Timeline, 1994 (March-April), 11(2).
Tucker, R. The Dragon and the Cross. The Rise and Fall of the Klan in Middle America. Hamden, CT: Archon, 1991.
Minnesota
Hatle, E. and Vaillancourt, N. One flag, one school, one language. Minnesota’s Klan in the 1920s. Minn Hist, 2009-2010, 61(8).
Ku Klux Klan. North Star Klan No. 2. Voice of the Knights. Minneapolis OCLC #4671781.
__________. The Minnesota Fiery Cross. Newspaper. St. Paul, MN: Empire, 1924-
Taylor, C. Midnight on the Knol: Klan activity on the U of MN campus, 1923-1925. 2001. OCLC #47872026.
Mississippi
Ku Klux Klan. The Kloran of the White Knights, realm of MS. OCLC #227147497.
Missouri
Ku Klux Klan. Constitution and laws of the WKKK, adopted in 1927.
__________. The Klan Kourier. Newspaper St. Louis, MO: Gail S. Carter, 1924- OCLC #21091237.
__________. The Patriot. St. Louis: Crane. OCLC #21091206.
Montana
Ku Klux Klan. Wheatland Klan No. 29 (Harlowton, MT.) records, 1923-1928. OCLC #70966611
Sturdevant, A. The MT Ku Klux Klan During the 1920s. M.A. thesis, Wash State U, 2001.
New England
Minehan, M. and Cathcart, D. The New England Ku Klux Klan. Norton, MA: Wheaton Coll. OCLC #55892036.
New Hampshire
Ku Klux Klan. Records, 1927. OCLC #105537914.
New Jersey
Ku Klux Klan. Realm of NJ. Office of the Grand Dragon. OCLC #173881510.
New Mexico
Ku Klux Klan. Southwest Klansman. Dallas, TX. Official regional pub for states including NM. OCLC #25382324.
Mechem, M. Gov. Mechepapers, 1908-1925. Includes information on Klan activities in NM. OCLC #37842197.
New York
Behreus, D. The KKK flares up on LI. In the early 1920’s, white robes and burning crosses are in many villages. Long Island: Our Story. Newsday.com/LIHistory.com
Jackson, K.T. The Klan in the City 1915-1930. NY: Oxford U. Press, 1967.
Ku Klux Klan. Records, 1925-1928. Archival material consisting of the Prattsville, New York Chapter record. OCLC #122537049.
__________. Klorero. Elmira, N.Y., July 1-2-3-4-5, 1925. Ku Klux Klan, 1925. OCLC #2743596.
__________. New York Klan #260. Records, 1927-1928. Archival. OCLC #73692266.
__________. Klorero. Mineola, Long Island, July 3-4-5-6, 1926. OCLC #43892048.
__________. Records, 1925-1927. OCLC #86164540
__________. Collection, 1922-1924. OCLC #155431979.
Lay, S. Hooded Knights on the Niagara: The Ku Klux Klan in Buffalo, New York. NY: NYU Press,.
North Carolina
Keith, E. Congressional investigation of the Ku Klux Klan in NC, SC, GA, AL, and MS. M.A. thesis, U. ND, 1933.
Ku Klux Klan. Papers. 1923. OCLC #30445249
North Dakota
Ku Klux Klan. Grand Forks Klan No. 1, Grand Forks. Voice of the Knights. OCLC #19317655.
Ohio
Davis, M. and Mercer, B. “KKK in Springfield Township.” Transcript of interview taped on August 17, 1976. Youngstown State U., OCLC #17691052.
Jenkins, W. Steel Valley Clan: the Klan in Ohio’s Mahoning Valley. Kent: Ohio State U. Press.
Jenkins, W.D. The Klan in Youngstown, Ohio. Moral reform in the twenties. Historian, 1978 (Nov), 76-93.
Ku Klux Klan. Records. Microfilm edition, 1923-1924. OCLC #45912343.
__________. The Ohio Kourier. Dayton: Empire, 1924- OCLC #15314212.
Litty, J. and Jenkins, W. The Klan in Salem, OH. Youngstown State U., OCLC #26145682.
McDermott, F. and Papalas, S. “Niles Klan Riot of 1924.” Oral Hist Proj, 1982. OCLC #12299375.
Weaver, N. The Knights of the Ku Klux Klan in WI, IN, OH and MI. Ph.D. diss, Northwestern U, 1986.
Oklahoma
Clark, B. A history of the Ku Klux Klan in OK. Ph.D. diss, U. OK, 1976.
Oregon
Catholic Truth Society of Oregon. The Klan. Portland: Catholic Truth Society of Oregon, 192-? OCLC # 36231588.
Coulter, T., et al. The Klan in Oregon, 1920-1923: a Documentary. DVD video. Portland, OR: : Frame by Frame Prod, 2009. OCLC #535966757.
Hadbury, J. The Klan in Jackson County (OR). OCLC #29020186.
Ku Klux Klan. Oregon Chapter No. 8 (Tillamook, OR), records, 1922-1929. OCLC #52124365
Toy, E. The Ku Klux Klan in OR: Its Program and Purpose. M.A. thesis, U. OR, 1959.
Pennsylvania
Fliss, M. The Ku Klux Klan in Luzerne County. Wilkes-Barre, PA: Wilkes Coll, 1971. OCLC #11050780.
__________. A Ku Klux Klan message to PA. Beware of aliens. 1926. OCLC # 55717288.
__________. The Ku Klux Klan discloses its position on the Presidency: Realm of PA. The Klan, 1928. OCLC #9069479.
__________. Philadelphia County Headquarters, No. 3.To the Klansmen of Philadelphia County. Philadelphia, PA: The Office, 1926. OCLC # 41470011.
Kuhn, A. The Klan in Lancaster County, PA. J Lancaster County Hist Soci, 98(3).
Loucks, E. The Klan in PA: A Study in Nativism. Harrisburg, PA: Telegraph Press, 1936.
Rhode Island
RI. Adjunct General’s Office. 1928. Report on alleged control of the First Light Infantry by the Ku Klux Klan. OCLC # 41654696
South Carolina
Ku Klux Klan. An Introduction to the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan.
Spartanburg, SC: 193-? OCLC #7630758.
__________. Why You Should Become a Klansman. Spartanburg, SC. OCLC #225093065′
__________. Photograph of Klan meeting at a house. OCLC #56772051.
__________. Simpsonville, SC: parade., Photo, n.d.. OCLC #55530541.
Southwest
Alexander, C.C. The Ku Klux Klan in the Southwest. Lexington: U. KY Press. 1965.
Ku Klux Klan. Southwest Klansman. Newspaper. Official regional pub for TX, AL, LA, OK, AZ, &-New MX. Dallas, TX. OCLC #25382324.
Tennessee
Kent, A.P. The Ku Klux Klan in Tennessee. M.A. thesis. Knoxville: U. TN, 1935.
Ku Klux Klan. Knox County Klan No. 14 (Knoxville, TN). 14 records, 1924-1925. OCLC #173863142.
__________. Records, 1924-1927. OCLC #46612880.
McKay, E. and Dotson, P. Misc Klan records, TN, 1920-1968. Memphis: Memphis State U, 1982. OCLC #10151135.
Sherrod, I. The Ku Klux movement in TN. M.A. thesis. George Peabody Coll Teach, 1935.
Texas
Alexander, C. Crusade for conformity: the Klan in TX, 1920-1930. TX Gulf Coast Hist Assn. Pub series, v. 6, no. 1. OCLC #490197.
Ballinger, L. Ku Klux Klan in Fort Worth. Fort Worth: The author, 1997. OCLC #441284848.
Dallas County Citizen’s League. The Klan. Denver: Am Pub Soc, 1922. OCLC #17977353.
Ku Klux Klan. Temple, TX. Notice. May 28, 1925. OCLC #54228770
__________. Kountry Klub Klan No. 64, Realm of TX. The Lodge of Sorrow. 1925. OCLC #54228538
__________. Resolutions upon the death of Mrs. P.H. Benton, TX: 1925. OCLC #54228615.
__________. San Antonio Klan No. 31. Ku Klux special to letter to all Klansmen, 1923. OCLC #26864988.
Utah
Gerlach, L. Blazing Crosses in Zion. The Ku Klux Klan in Utah. Logan: UT State U Press, 1982.
Vermont
Ku Klux Klan. America is in danger! Lecture, Oct 3, 1926. OCLC #53448584
Virginia
Ku Klux Klan. Photo of the R.E. Lee Ku Klux Klan convention, 1931. OCLC ##52925738
__________. Klan in Roanoke depicts Klaverns from around the state. OCLC ##52925738
__________. Photo of the Ballston Klan No. 6, 1935. OCLC #647833693
__________. Province No. 2. College of William and Mary. Flag presentation program, 1926. OCLC #11492739
__________. Asu Klan No. 16, Portsmouth, “Pay your poll tax!!!,” 1922. OCLC #123286438.
__________. Save America!! Join United Klans, UKA, 192-? OCLC #26865041.
__________. Lynchburg Klan No. 11. The Awakening: A patriotic musical. extravaganza. 192-? OCLC #38276863.
Washington
Ku Klux Klan. Klan misc, ca. 1920-1925. OCLC #297210231.
Kuttel, R. Preserving public morality: the Klan of Wash and their Anti-Catholic School Bill. Bellingham, WA: Ryan Kuttel, 2000. OCLC #47840663.
Mayers, G. The Ku Klan in Bellingham, 1900-1935. J Whatcom Coun Histl Soc, 2001. OCLC #49429979.
West
Lay, S. (Ed.) The Invisible Empire in the West. Urbana: U IL Press.
West Virginia
Ku Klux Klan. The National Kourier. 1925- OCLC #18796047.
Waugh, H. Instructions to the grand jury, 1923. OCLC #70913707.
Wisconsin
Hedberg Pub Lib (Janesville, WI). Ku Klux Klan: Janesville, WI. Janesville, WI: Hedberg Pub Lib, 1992- OCLC #74557347.
Ku Klux Klan. Klan 14 (Chippewa Falls, WI). Records, 1926-1931. OCLC #145790494.
__________. Kleagle of Marathon County, WI. Marathon, WI: KKK of Marathon County, 192? OCLC #24048884.
__________. Klan souvenir programme, state klonvokation, Oshkosh, July 4th, 1925. OCLC #191702674.
Turcheneske, J., Jr. The Ku Klux Klan in Northwestern Wisconsin. M.A. thesis, River Falls, WI: WI State U., River Falls, 1971.
Weaver, N.F. The Knights of the Ku Klux Klan in Wisconsin, Indiana, Ohio and Michigan. Ph.D. diss, Northwestern U, 1986.
Popular Readings on the KKK of the 1920s
National Prohibition caused enormous problems. But before that, it was popular. The KKK supported Prohibition. This fact helps explain KKK membership throughout the U.S. These readings describe the extent of its support.
Chalmers, D. Hooded Americans. The History of the Ku Klux Klan: Duke U. Press.
Horowitz, D. (Ed.) Inside the Klavern. The Secret History of the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s. South Ill U. Press.
Lay, S. (Ed.) The Invisible Empire in the West. Urbana: UIL Press.
MacLean, N. Behind the Masks of Chivalry. The Making of the Second Ku Klux Klan. Oxford U. Press.
Marszalek, J. KKK: The 1920s Ku Klux Klan in the Midwest. Timeline, 11(2).
Miller, R. A Note on the relationship between the Protestant Churches and the revival of the Ku Klux Klan. J South Hist, 22, 355-368.
Moore, L. Historical interpretation of the 1920s Klan. J Soc Hist, 24, 341-357.
Rice, A. The Ku Klux Klan in American Politics. Wash: Pub Affairs, 1962.
Tucker, R. The Dragon and the Cross. The Rise and Fall of the Ku Klux Klan in Middle America. Hamden, CT: Archon.
Wade, W. The Fiery Cross. NY: Oxford U. Press.
Weisberger, B.A. When white hoods were in flower. Am Herit, 1992, 43(2), 18-19.
Endnotes: KKK Supported Prohibition
1. Chancellor Brehm on Benton Mural. Bloomington: IN U press release, March 25, 2002.
2. Lantzwe, J. Dark Beverages of Hell. Part III. Rural Hist Proj.
3. Lay, S. Hooded Knights on the Niagara. NY: NYU Press.
4. McCaymer, J. The Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s. Assumption Coll, Oct 2009.
5. Kleinegger, C. Women in the Ku Klux Klan. Albany: New York State Mus.
6. Norberg, D. Ku Klux Klan in the Valley. White River J, Jan, 2004.
7. Tucker, R. The Dragon and the Cross. Hamden, CT: Archon, 1991, p. 111.
8. Politics and World Affairs, Aug 30, 2004. Italics are in original.
9. Feldman, G. Politics, Society, and the Klan in Alabama, 1915-1949. Tuscaloosa: UA Press.
10. The 1920s: An active Ku Klux Klan raises fear.
11. Johnson, B. John Barleycorn Must die! Little Rock: Old State House Mus exhibit.
12. FBI. The Ku Klux Klan. Wash: FBI, July, 1957, p. 21.
13. Moore, L.J. Citizen Klansmen. The Ku Klux Klan in Indiana, 1921-1928. Chapel Hill, NC: UNC Press.
14. Behreus, D. The KKK flares up on LI. Newsday.com/LIHistory.com KKK supported prohibition on Long Island. That helps explain its strength there.
15. Smith, R. The United States from the Late 19th Century through the Great Depression: Prohibition (Hist 124). U CA at Berk.
16. Zerzan, J. Rank-and-file radicalism within the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s. Anarchy, 1993, vol. 37.
17. Schaal, P. Sanford as I Knew It, 1912-1935. Orlando: P. Schaal, 1970. Shows how the KKK supported Prohibition and brutally defended it.
18. O’Neil, T. Prohibition. Post-Dis, Jan 13, 2004.
19. Resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan, 1920s.
20. Sinclair, A. Prohibition. Boston: Little, Brown, 1962, p. 26.
21. Moore, ibid.
22. “Ku Klux Klan.”
The evidence is clear. The KKK supported prohibition. And it did so very strongly.